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mRNA基因遞送解決方案
CRISPR基因編輯解決方案
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哺乳動(dòng)物CRISPR(單gRNA)表達(dá)質(zhì)粒載體
CRISPR/Cas9(規(guī)律成簇的間隔短回文重復(fù)序列及相關(guān)蛋白9)核酸酶表達(dá)載體屬于幾種新興的基因組編輯工具之一(另外兩種是ZFN和TALEN),可在基因組的靶位點(diǎn)快速有效地產(chǎn)生突變。這些質(zhì)粒載體編碼的特異性RNA,能夠引導(dǎo)DNA核酸酶(或缺刻酶)編輯基因組中特定位點(diǎn)的DNA序列。
Cas9是RNA引導(dǎo)DNA核酸酶,是天然原核免疫系統(tǒng)的一部分,賦予細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生對(duì)質(zhì)粒和噬菌體等外源遺傳物質(zhì)的抵抗能力。在細(xì)胞內(nèi),Cas9核酸酶與引導(dǎo)RNA(gRNA)形成復(fù)合物,該復(fù)合物通過(guò)與基因組中的18-22 nt的同源靶序列直接相互作用,gRNA與靶位點(diǎn)通過(guò)互補(bǔ)配對(duì)使Cas9定位到靶序列上,然后切割基因組中的靶位點(diǎn)。為了方便使用,我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的CRISPR/Cas9載體能夠在一個(gè)載體上同時(shí)有效表達(dá)Cas9核酸酶(或缺刻酶)和引導(dǎo)RNA(gRNA)。
我們的CRISPR/Cas9表達(dá)載體中有兩種Cas9核酸酶供選擇,一種是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人源化Cas9(hCas9),能夠有效地在靶位點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生雙鏈斷裂(DSBs);另一種是“缺刻酶”(Cas9_D10A),僅在DNA中產(chǎn)生單鏈切割。如果將Cas9_D10A缺刻酶與靶向兩條互補(bǔ)鏈的兩個(gè)gRNA一起使用,缺刻酶會(huì)在兩條鏈上產(chǎn)生單鏈切割,從而導(dǎo)致靶位點(diǎn)處產(chǎn)生DSB。這種方法通常會(huì)減少CRISPR/Cas9脫靶效應(yīng),因?yàn)樗枰獌蓚€(gè)gRNA同時(shí)靶向靶位點(diǎn)。
細(xì)胞通過(guò)非同源末端連接途徑(NHEJ)修復(fù)通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生小的片段或堿基缺失,插入和堿基置換等突變。當(dāng)這些突變破壞蛋白質(zhì)編碼區(qū)(例如引起移碼缺失)時(shí),會(huì)引起功能性基因敲除。在少數(shù)情況下,CRISPR/Cas9載體和外源供體DNA模板共同導(dǎo)入細(xì)胞時(shí),細(xì)胞會(huì)通過(guò)同源性修復(fù)(HDR)機(jī)制來(lái)修復(fù)DSB,靶基因DNA序列會(huì)被模板序列取代,堿基發(fā)生改變,如點(diǎn)突變等。缺刻基因組DNA也會(huì)經(jīng)常發(fā)生同源修復(fù)(HDR),如將外源模板DNA與Cas9_D10A缺刻酶一起導(dǎo)入細(xì)胞中,有可能產(chǎn)生堿基改變。
利用CRISPR/Cas9系統(tǒng)可以有效靶向大部分DNA序列,而NGG(有時(shí)是NAG)是必須的。NGG叫做前間區(qū)序列鄰近基序(PAM),位于靶DNA,gRNA識(shí)別序列的3'末端。
關(guān)于該載體系統(tǒng)的更多信息,請(qǐng)參考以下文獻(xiàn)。
參考文獻(xiàn) | 主題 |
---|---|
Science 339:819-23 (2013) | Description of genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system |
Cell. 154:1380–9 (2013) | Use of Cas9 D10A double nicking for increased specificity |
Nat. Biotech. 31:827–832 (2013) | Specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases |
我們的CRISPR/Cas9表達(dá)載體可以用于快速高效靶向細(xì)胞基因組,并在靶位點(diǎn)并產(chǎn)生堿基缺失等突變。為了在特定的靶位點(diǎn)引入突變,需要與靶DNA序列匹配的gRNA序列以及核酸酶hCas9(產(chǎn)生DSB)或其變體Cas9_D10A缺刻酶(單鏈切割)。
圖1 all-in-one CRISPR系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo)的基因編輯。(A)向穩(wěn)定表達(dá)EGFP的HEK293T細(xì)胞(HEK293T-EGFP)轉(zhuǎn)染表達(dá)Cas9:T2A:mCherry的常規(guī)質(zhì)粒和靶向EGFP的scramble gRNA。轉(zhuǎn)染后72小時(shí),流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)EGFP表達(dá)水平。MFI表示熒光強(qiáng)度中值。(B)顯微鏡(100x)觀察EGFP和mCherry表達(dá)。(C)轉(zhuǎn)染all-in-one CRISPR載體的細(xì)胞對(duì)比無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞中的相對(duì)EGFP表達(dá)。相對(duì)EGFP表達(dá)量用以下公式計(jì)算:[MFI (experimental group) – MFI (WT HEK293T cells)] / [MFI (HEK293T-EGFP cells) – MFI (WT HEK293T cells)]。Mean±SD,ns P>0.05,ANOVA以及Tukey事后檢驗(yàn)。(D)gRNA靶向的基因組DNA區(qū)域使用PCR進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增,基因編輯效果使用T7E1試驗(yàn)確認(rèn)。
瞬時(shí)表達(dá):轉(zhuǎn)染CRISPR/Cas9質(zhì)粒載體后,Cas9蛋白和gRNA會(huì)在靶細(xì)胞中大量瞬時(shí)表達(dá)。如果沒(méi)有藥物篩選,質(zhì)粒會(huì)隨著時(shí)間流逝而丟失,在基因組編輯發(fā)生后,靶細(xì)胞中的Cas9和gRNA也會(huì)逐漸消失。
簡(jiǎn)單易懂:gRNA和靶位點(diǎn)之間的簡(jiǎn)單同源關(guān)系使得CRISPR/Cas9系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)單且易于設(shè)計(jì)。
具有脫靶效應(yīng):已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道CRISPR/Cas9具有脫靶效應(yīng),通常TALEN系統(tǒng)比CRISPR/Cas9具有更低的脫靶活性。通過(guò)將Cas9_D10A缺刻酶與兩種gRNA結(jié)合使用(如上所述),可以顯著減輕脫靶效應(yīng)。
PAM要求:CRISPR/Cas9靶位點(diǎn)必須包含NGG序列(使用較多),也叫做PAM序列,位于gRNA識(shí)別序列3'末端。
U6 Promoter: This drives high level expression of the gRNA. This is the promoter of the human U6 snRNA gene, an RNA polymerase III promoter which efficiently expresses short RNAs.
gRNA: Guide RNA compatible with Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenes.
Terminator: Terminates transcription of the gRNA.
CBh promoter: Chicken beta-actin promoter. Drives expression of the downstream Cas9 nuclease.
Cas protein: Cas9 nuclease variant chosen by user.
BGH pA: Bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal. It facilitates transcriptional termination of the upstream ORF.
CMV promoter: Human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter. It drives the ubiquitous expression of the downstream marker gene.
SV40 late pA: Simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal. It facilitates transcriptional termination of the upstream ORF.
Ampicillin: Ampicillin resistance gene. It allows the plasmid to be maintained by ampicillin selection in E. coli.
pUC ori: pUC origin of replication. Plasmids carrying this origin exist in high copy numbers in E. coli.
U6 Promoter: This drives high level expression of the gRNA. This is the promoter of the human U6 snRNA gene, an RNA polymerase III promoter which efficiently expresses short RNAs.
gRNA #1: The first guide RNA compatible with Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenes.
gRNA #2: The second guide RNA compatible with Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenes.
Terminator: Terminates transcription of the gRNA.
CBh promoter: Chicken beta-actin promoter. Drives expression of the downstream Cas9 nuclease.
Cas protein: Cas9 nuclease variant chosen by user.
BGH pA: Bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal. It facilitates transcriptional termination of the upstream ORF.
CMV promoter: Human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter. It drives the ubiquitous expression of the downstream marker gene.
SV40 late pA: Simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal. It facilitates transcriptional termination of the upstream ORF.
Ampicillin: Ampicillin resistance gene. It allows the plasmid to be maintained by ampicillin selection in E. coli.
pUC ori: pUC origin of replication. Plasmids carrying this origin exist in high copy numbers in E. coli.